SOME OF Limiting factors of sport performance

(J.Novotný, 2006)

ENDOGENOUS FACTORS

¨ Physiological components

· Genetic factors

· Gender

· Time

· Ageing - biological age - ontogenesis

· Exogenous biorhythm pacemakers – negative biofeedback - oscillations of physiological function (neuro-vegetative-cardiopulmonary-metabolic regulation: gland production of hormones heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, etc.)

· Anthropometric parameters

· Size, Shape, Segments (Height, Weight, Indexes etc.)

· Body composition (skeleton, muscle, fat, etc.)

· Neural functions

· Central, Peripheral

· Sensitive, Sensory

· Motor

· Vegetative

· Muscle-skeletal component

· Muscle contraction

- Speed

- Strength

- Performance

- Work

- Endurance

· Muscle structure, fibres (types, rate)

· Sources of Energy, Aerobic and Anaerobic metabolism

· Flexibility (ligaments, articulations, muscles)

· Muscle balance

· Shape and position of spine and joints (biomechanics)

· Metabolic component

· Energy metabolism

· Neuro-hormonal regulation (hypothalamic-hypophysis-adrenal axis)

· Digestive system, Pancreas, Liver

· Kidneys

· Cardio-respiratory component

· Respiration

· Circulation, Heart

· Oxygen transporting system

· Mental (psychic) component

· Experience

· Emotions

· Temperament

· Nature

¨ Health state

· Injuries

· Musculoskeletal apparatus

- Contusions, strains, ruptures, fracture etc.

- Injuries after overstress (overloading)

· Other injuries (skin, head, brain, stomach etc.)

· Other illness

· Mental, Somatic

· Acute, Chronic

· Organs, Organ systems, Function systems

· Infectious illness, Non-infectious illness

· Inflammations

· Tumours

· Defects

· Abuse - Dependence (Doping, Alcohol, Toxins etc.)

· Health prevention

¨ Motoric skills

· Agility

· Balance

· Coordination

· Movement speed

· Reaction time

EXOGENOUS FACTORS

¨ Training and competition

· Trainer, Coach

· Personality

· Education

· Experience

· Plan, Feedback

· Loading

· Kind

· Intensity

· Duration

· Frequency

· Rhythm

· Equipment, technical conditions

· Protective tools (helmet, glove, goggles etc.)

· Team-mates, Opponents

· Fans, Spectators

¨ Tiredness and regeneration

· Sleep

· Rest and relaxation

· Active regeneration

· during sport training (warm-up, warm-down, rest-relaxation)

· out of the training (other activities)

· Nutrition and Drinks, Nutrition supplements

· Physiotherapeutic procedures

· Doping

¨ Environmental conditions (physical and chemical parameters)

· Altitude

· Latitude (position on globe)

· Climate, Weather

· Air, Water (liquid, ice, snow)

· Light (sunshine)

· Temperature

· Flow

· Composition

· Aroma, Odour

· Transparency

· Pollution

· Terrain, Field, Track, etc.

· Surface

· Slope

· Radiation reflectance

· Colour

· Noise, Silence, Sound

· Buildings

· Nature (Fauna, Flora)

· Residence (buildings - city, village)

¨ Time

· Changes of other factors and relations

· Exogenous biorhythm pacemakers

· diary (Earth rotation, light)

· weekly (Work rhythm)

· lunar (Lunar movement)

· seasonal (Earth movement)

· annual (Earth movement)

· Travel over time zone

¨ Society

· Education, Experiences

· Motivation, Assertiveness, Values

· Religion, Spirituality

· Family

· School, Job

· Friends

· Training partner, Team-mate

· Opponent

· Trainer, Coach

· Doctor, Physiotherapist

· Representation - State, City

· Cultural factors, Habits

· Economy, Price money

· Fans, Spectators

¨ Home

¨ Habitual activities

· Habits, diary regimen, watching TV

· Living – place (city, willage), garden

· Transport

¨ Dependence (Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs)

¨ Hobbies

¨ Activities at leisure time